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The "Other" Karen in Myanmar

Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms

Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung

The “Other” Karen in Myanmar looks at the “other” or “quiet” minorities, who are members of ethnic groups associated with well-known armed resistance organizations, but who pursued non-violent approaches to promote their individual and collective interests. This is the first in-depth study to uncover the existence and activities of the “other” Karen and analyze the nature of relationships with their “rebel” counterparts and the state authorities. It also discusses other ethnic armed organizations that have experienced similar situations and assesses their implications for inter-ethnic relations, negotiations with state authorities and political reform.
Most previous studies have focused on violent aspects of ethnic relations and on ethnic armed organizations, such as the Karen National Union (KNU) in Burma, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MNLF) in the Philippines, and the LTTE in Sri Lanka. However, even among these minorities which are locked in armed conflicts, the majority of people have shunned armed resistance and sought to remain ‘quietly’ beyond the struggle and pursued non-violent approaches to promote their individual and collective interests in the face of authoritarian, governments.
This study, which sheds light on the lives and growing political significance of non-armed, non-insurgent members of ethnic minorities in Burma, draws heavily on opinion surveys and open-ended interviews among Karen diaspora (among individuals who lived a minimum of 20 years in Burma), “quiet Karens” who live inside Burma, KNU officials, personnel, and soldiers, and Karen refugees and IDPs who are currently living in Thai-Burma border areas. These interviews, which covered approximately two hundred respondents, have been conducted since 2002.
It is mainly directed toward social scientists, historians, humanitarian workers, policy makers, and practitioners, and non-specialist ordinary audience who are interested in Southeast Asian/Burmese politics and society, comparative politics, identity politics, ethnic conflict, social movements, conflict resolution, and political reform.

Lexington Books

Pages: 232 • Trim: 6⅜ x 9½

978-0-7391-6852-3 • Hardback • December 2011 • $128.00 • (£98.00)

978-0-7391-8452-3 • Paperback • June 2013 • $57.99 • (£45.00)

978-0-7391-7107-3 • eBook • December 2011 • $55.00 • (£42.00)

Series: AsiaWorld

Subjects: Political Science / World / Asian, Political Science / Peace, Political Science / Public Policy / Social Policy, Social Science / Minority Studies, Social Science / Regional Studies, Social Science / Ethnic Studies / General

The "Other" Karen in Myanmar

Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms

Hardback

Paperback

eBook

Summary

The “Other” Karen in Myanmar looks at the “other” or “quiet” minorities, who are members of ethnic groups associated with well-known armed resistance organizations, but who pursued non-violent approaches to promote their individual and collective interests. This is the first in-depth study to uncover the existence and activities of the “other” Karen and analyze the nature of relationships with their “rebel” counterparts and the state authorities. It also discusses other ethnic armed organizations that have experienced similar situations and assesses their implications for inter-ethnic relations, negotiations with state authorities and political reform.
Most previous studies have focused on violent aspects of ethnic relations and on ethnic armed organizations, such as the Karen National Union (KNU) in Burma, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MNLF) in the Philippines, and the LTTE in Sri Lanka. However, even among these minorities which are locked in armed conflicts, the majority of people have shunned armed resistance and sought to remain ‘quietly’ beyond the struggle and pursued non-violent approaches to promote their individual and collective interests in the face of authoritarian, governments.
This study, which sheds light on the lives and growing political significance of non-armed, non-insurgent members of ethnic minorities in Burma, draws heavily on opinion surveys and open-ended interviews among Karen diaspora (among individuals who lived a minimum of 20 years in Burma), “quiet Karens” who live inside Burma, KNU officials, personnel, and soldiers, and Karen refugees and IDPs who are currently living in Thai-Burma border areas. These interviews, which covered approximately two hundred respondents, have been conducted since 2002.
It is mainly directed toward social scientists, historians, humanitarian workers, policy makers, and practitioners, and non-specialist ordinary audience who are interested in Southeast Asian/Burmese politics and society, comparative politics, identity politics, ethnic conflict, social movements, conflict resolution, and political reform.

Details

Lexington Books

Pages: 232 • Trim: 6⅜ x 9½

978-0-7391-6852-3 • Hardback • December 2011 • $128.00 • (£98.00)

978-0-7391-8452-3 • Paperback • June 2013 • $57.99 • (£45.00)

978-0-7391-7107-3 • eBook • December 2011 • $55.00 • (£42.00)

Series: AsiaWorld

Subjects: Political Science / World / Asian, Political Science / Peace, Political Science / Public Policy / Social Policy, Social Science / Minority Studies, Social Science / Regional Studies, Social Science / Ethnic Studies / General

Author

Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung is associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. She is the author of Beyond Militant Resistance: The Non-insurgent Members of Ethno-national Groups in Myanmar (2011), The Karen Revolution: Diverse Voices, Uncertain Ends (2008), and Behind the Teak Curtain: Authoritarianism, Agricultural Policies and Political Legitimacy in Rural Burma (2004). Her areas of specialization are on Southeast Asian and Burmese politics, ethnic politics, identity politics, political economy and comparative politics.

Table of Contents

Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Growing up in Burma—a personal account
The international Phenomenon of the “Silent Majority”
Theme, Approach, and Method of the Book
Chapter 1: Who are the “Other” or “Quiet” Minorities?
Who are the “other” or “quiet” Minorities?
The Political Significance of the “Other” Minorities
Chapter 2: The Emergence of the Karen Ethno-National Movement
The Construction of Karen ethno-nationalist identities
Saw Ba U Gyi and the Insein Ceasefire talks
KNU in the 21st Century
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Kawthoolei Karen: A Fragmented Constituency
Government-Controlled zones
Rebel-controlled and Contested Zones
The “Refugees”
The Diaspora
Conclusion
Chapter 4: The “Rebel” and the “Accomomodator”
The Early Stages of the Armed Resistance Movement
The Later Stages of the Armed Rebellion
Conclusion
Chapter 5: The “Other” Ethnonationalities in Myanmar/Burma
A changing Political Landscape in SPDC and Post-SPDC Periods
The ‘other’ Nationalities in Burma/Myanmar
Three Patterns of civilian Politics among Ethnic minoirites
Conclusion
Chapter 6: The “other” Ethnonationalities in Comparative perspective
Competing Identities
Divide and Rule Strategies
The Role of the “other” Minorities in Ethnic Politics
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
About the Author

Reviews

This study of the Karens of Burma has several strengths. First, an indigenous Karen who was educated initially in Myanmar/Burma and then abroad wrote it; today, she teaches political science in a US university. Second, Thawnghmung (Univ. of Massachusetts, Lowell) brings a new approach to the subject by concentrating on the Karen "others." Internal wars between the Karens and the state have been ongoing for more than six decades; however, the author's focus is on the Karens who have not joined in the fighting. As a result, the study is different from most of the writings about the second-largest minority in Burma. Third, she devotes a good deal of attention to a comparative discussion of the Karens and ethnic minorities in other countries around the world. Because of these differences from most of the literature on Burma and the Karens, this study is new and original. Moreover, it is well written and thoughtful and should find readers beyond the usual Burma and area specialists because it is placed in a comparative context that offers fresh ideas and information for political comparativists to consider. Summing Up: Recommended.
— Choice Reviews

Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung’s brave new book is a worthy successor to her penetrating Behind the Teak Curtain. In this second volume, she does more than recount the complexities of the Karen communities of Myanmar, but demonstrates through her use of comparative studies, the massive difficulties involved in trying to understand the nature of ethnic politics in a country as complicated as Myanmar. Those who naively seek simplistic answers to Myanmar’s myriad problems will learn much from this important book. Students of comparative ethnic politics will, as well.
— Robert H. Taylor, author of The State in Myanmar

This richly detailed and closely argued study is a major contribution to the literature on Burmese politics and social issues. Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung addresses an important and sensitive subject in a rigorous, yet balanced and nuanced manner. The book will be particularly useful to scholars and activists because most previous studies of the Karen community in and from Burma have focused on a well-connected, highly researched - but not necessarily representative - minority, engaged in political activities or living as displaced people along the Thailand border. While not seeking to marginalize such voices, Thawnghmung provides a necessary corrective. She combines a state-of-the-art theoretical orientation with grounded insights into the relationship between the diverse Karen community and the state of Myanmar. Her analysis is relevant to the situation of many 'other' restive communities around the world, and should thus be of interest both to Burma-watchers and to the broader scholarly and policy-orientated communities.
— Ashley South, author of Ethnic Politics in Burma: States of Conflict (2008)

This remarkable book portrays anti-government rebels and 'their' supporters; pro-government officials and 'their' supporters; pro-government people who become anti-government people; people just trying to stay out of the way; and people who go away, fleeing to hither and yon as refugees. Author Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung uses her extensive sources and her own experiences to reveal the complexities and predicaments of Karen people and others who live with and are caught up in ethnic conflicts spanning decades in Burma/Myanmar.
— Benedict Kerkvliet, Emeritus Professor, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

This is a meticulously researched and compelling analysis of the politics of the many Burmese Karen who are not engaged in a violent struggle with the government, but have found ways to accommodate themselves to the challenging realities of their circumstances. The author combines the fruits of several years extensive fieldwork with a refreshingly broad theoretical and comparative perspective. The result is an extremely distinctive and original book that allows us to understand Burma in new and much more nuanced ways.
— Duncan McCargo, professor of southeast Asian politics, University of Leeds

The "Other" Karen in Myanmar

Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms

Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung

The "Other" Karen in Myanmar

Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms

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